pratiyogita kiran ebook published this article page no 5 namaini gange introduced ppp for sewerage infrastructure for the first time in india through hybrid annuity mode (11am) with 40% of capex being paid during construction and 60% with interest by 15-year annuity with separate payment for operation & maintenance (o&m) bringing a paradigm shift from payment for construction to performance-linked payments. the one city one operatorapproach merging rehabilitation of old and creation of new assets and o&m for all of them on ham to improve governance was introduced. ham is now accepted by niti aayog and states outside the ganga basin have also started using it pratiyogita kiran book buy.
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